What’s On around Ireland

IMMA Collection: Art as Agency is a major three-year display celebrating IMMA’s Permanent Collection as a source of agency and knowledge. Featuring over 100 artists, from the 1960s to the present, it highlights key works, including many recent acquisitions. This ambitious exhibition invites engagement and research over time, allowing for a rich durational experience of Ireland’s Modern and Contemporary Art Collection.

Through thematic, chronological, geographical, and media-based approaches, the exhibition examines how artworks connect across time and contexts, fostering new interpretations and relevance. Works from the 1960s to the 1980s evoke the foundational story of the Irish art world. While acknowledging the context of the modernist, predominantly male dominance of that era, the exhibition also spotlights the material innovation and socially engaged practices of others who persisted despite the relatively conservative status quo.

The exhibition also presents more recent practice that explores urgent global themes such as gender, hybridity, cultural histories, de-colonialism, diaspora, migration, food injustice, climate, and ecological change. Memory, imagination, and storytelling play pivotal roles in these works, offering generative ways to process fragmentation, dislocation, and survival in unfamiliar spaces. New and existing works in the IMMA grounds will extend these themes.

The exhibition includes a specially created ‘white cube’ gallery space inspired by Brian O’Doherty’s renowned series of essays Inside the White Cube – The Ideology of the Gallery Space (1976), that critiques the auratic, market-driven effects of the white cube gallery format. Likewise the choice of works curated for this space pushes back by highlighting works by Post-War American women, pioneering conceptualist artworks by Marcel Duchamp and Brian O’Doherty as well as a contemporary feminist response by Andrea Geyer.

By interweaving historical and contemporary narratives, Art as Agency invites audiences to reflect on the evolving meanings and possibilities of art in shaping our understanding of and action in the world.

‘Art in Motion’ Exhibition to Open at Baile Mhuire Day Centre.

Tralee Art Group is delighted to announce their latest collaborative exhibition, ‘Art in Motion’, which will be officially opened on Tuesday, June 17th at 2.30pm at Baile Mhuire Day Centre, Balloonagh, Tralee. The opening will be led by special guest Paddy Garvey, Chairperson of Baile Mhuire, and all are welcome to attend. Guests can enjoy an afternoon of art, music and refreshments in a warm and inclusive setting.

This special exhibition is the result of a unique collaboration between members of Tralee Art Group and the clients of Baile Mhuire Day Centre, showcasing the creative energy and expression of both groups. Featuring a variety of works in different media, styles and subjects, Art in Motion celebrates movement, creativity, and community spirit.

TAG is committed to enriching the cultural life of Tralee and surrounding areas. The group regularly holds exhibitions, workshops, and community projects, and has built strong relationships with local organisations—including an ongoing volunteering partnership with Baile Mhuire.

This exhibition reflects that partnership, with art created not only by TAG members but also by clients of the Day Centre who engage weekly in creative workshops facilitated by the group volunteers from Tralee Art Group. The result is a joyful and inspiring collection of artworks, each piece telling its own story of imagination, connection, and collaboration.

All are welcome to attend the opening and celebrate this uplifting display of artistic expression in our community. The exhibition will run for a year and be available to the public weekdays between 4pm and 5pm.

This is the first solo exhibition by renowned artist, poet and activist Cecilia Vicuña in Ireland. For this exhibition Vicuña’s delves into themes of ancestry, ecological urgency, and the interconnectedness of humanity inspired by the discovery of her ancient ties to Ireland.

O’Connell’s sculptural work often evokes states of becoming and transformation, reflecting her long-standing fascination between the organic and geometric in the natural world. This way of working melds irregularity and flow to the precise and mathematical, emblematic of a human relationship to nature.

Her attentive process is of happenstance: a responsiveness to a materials behaviour and chance occurrences that are worked through and feel not imposed but discovered. Through careful observation of the everyday landscape in her Cork home, O’Connell’s practice instills curiosity and an unexpected sense of discovery and awareness.

Exhibition continues from the 4th of December 2025 to the 29th of March 2026.

Each piece in the exhibition involves the artist intervening in some way on a found image. Although collage has long been part of Jeffers’ approach, both the disaster paintings and the intervention works differ from traditional collage: rather than cutting up found material for its colour or specific imagery, Jeffers uses the entirety of the original scene, adding a new element that completely alters the depicted narrative.

From the Earth presents new and recent works by Margo McNulty, an artist whose practice explores the relationship between memory, place, and materiality. Through painting, printmaking and photography, McNulty reflects on how personal and collective histories become embedded within objects and landscapes. Her work often draws upon Irish traditions and investigates hidden narratives that shape cultural identity.

from the earth presents new and recent works by Margo McNulty, an artist whose practice explores the relationship between memory, place, and materiality. Through painting, printmaking and photography, McNulty reflects on how personal and collective histories become embedded within objects and landscapes. Her work often draws upon Irish traditions and investigates hidden narratives that shape cultural identity.

Born on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, McNulty studied Fine Art at GMIT and completed her MFA at NCAD, Dublin. She currently lives and works in Co. Roscommon.

Exhibition continues from 14/11/2025 to 30/04/2026.

Winter Sun is a moving-image work by Cork artist Elinor O’Donovan.

The work is a preserved piece of a warm Cork summer, saved for the months when it is most needed. Taking as its inspiration the iconic view from the top of Patrick’s Hill at Bells Field, the video work is a looping film depicting Corkonians sharing a moment of togetherness, connected by their mutual appreciation for a setting summer sun.

Projection-Mapping: Lightscape Studios
3D Artist: Bassam Issa Al-Sabah
Cinematography: Jack Desmond

Part of Island City – Cork’s Urban Sculpture Trail

The trackmaker was a sluggish mover by Bryony Dunne.

Irish Architectural Archive, 45 Merrion Square, Dublin.
Opening Thursday 15 January 2026, 6–8pm.

16 January–27 March 2026, Tuesday to Friday, 10am–5pm.

The Irish Architectural Archive and Askeaton Contemporary Arts are pleased to announce The trackmaker was a sluggish mover, a solo exhibition by Bryony Dunne.

Opening reception Saturday 17 January 2.30-4.30pm.

Mark Francis creates powerful paintings charged with movement, sound and rhythm, by combining intense sequences of colour that compete within tightly gridded structures.
For this exhibition Mark Francis presents new paintings, charcoal drawings, and Solstice Commission, “Listening Field”, the first moving image work by the artist.
This new work will feature as part of Francis’ representation of the Republic of San Marino at the 61st Venice Biennale.

GALLERY:
Tuesday to Saturday, 11.00am – 4.00pm

In her practice, Breda is interested in exploring ideas around the interconnection between humans and nature. She is fascinated by how the patterns and imprints of time and movement, of people, wildlife and natural elements are held on the surface and in the deeper layers of the earth.

The new work in Sticks, Stones & Bones has been developed through walking, gathering elements, and responding through drawing and mark making working with watercolour, together with a sculptural installation in three parts.

The life and work of Barbara Steveni (1928–2020), who described herself as an artist–activist, embodied an archive and pioneered a diffused art practice that resists clear definition.  The importance of Steveni’s role in the Artist Placement Group (APG) was often marginalised by gender-inflected terms such as ‘honorary secretary’, her practice is rarely recognised as having a value in its own right. This exhibition intends to redress this imbalance and encompass her life’s work, drawing together her practice and her experimentation with materials, media and strategies across a career spanning more than seventy years.

IT’S NOT CLEAR FROM HERE draws on archival material and lens-based media to explore how images are shaped by time, technology and the act of looking. The exhibition considers the gallery as a space where narratives shift and meaning is continually re-formed. Archives are unearthed and disrupted, environments seep into the gallery space, and obsolete technologies are reanimated. Across photography and film, the works reflect on technological change, environmental crisis and questions of belonging, presenting images as unstable, partial and often elusive.

Exhibition continues from 17/01/2026 to 22/03/2026.

Nathalie Du Pasquier and Pierre Charpin became friends in the mid-1990s. Objects, a shared appreciation for drawing, forms, colors, and surfaces became their common ground. ‘Andiamo’ is a dialogue between their two worlds. It bypasses conventions and expectations: no chronology, hierarchy, classification, or arrangement. It places their respective works under a new lens, playing on formal and semantic relationships.

Exhibition continues from 17/01/2026 to 14/03/2026.

David Smith presents Don’t Forget To Remember, an exhibition of recent paintings that explore the fluid nature of perception and memory. The works reflect an internal picture of lived, remembered, and imagined experience, shaped by influences ranging from Zen philosophy and ink painting to abstraction and photography. Carrying the contrasting landscape imprints of Hong Kong and Ireland, two distant points on the Eurasian continent, the paintings evoke a rich interplay of place and perception.
Memories of sunlight under varied atmospheric conditions rise to the surface throughout the exhibition: dawn mist, city air, heavy pollution, sparse for

Exhibition continues from 17/01/2026 to 14/03/2026.

Susan Madert presents Interface, a series of paintings set within hotel bedrooms that examine self-knowledge as it emerges at the interface between the individual and their interactions with others. These intimate interior scenes explore moments of reflection, dislocation, and awareness, where private space becomes a site for personal and psychological encounter.

Pallas Projects/Studios are delighted to announce the participating artists in our Arts Council funded programme of Artist-Initiated Projects 2026. The series will be part of a programme celebrating 30 years of Pallas Projects/Studios. Between January–December 2026 we will present 8 x 3-week exhibitions of new work by:

Paddy Critchley, Fiona Marron, Finn Nichol, Emma Brennan and Thomas Wells, Ciara Rodgers, Struàn Bell, Christopher Mahon, neonatus.exe

A Bridge Between Times is not merely an exhibition; it is a living archive, a whispered conversation between the past, present, and future of Fort Dunree. Begun in 2023, this body of work emerges from a deep, collaborative engagement with a site poised on the cusp of permanent transformation. As artists rooted in Inishowen, we felt an urgent need to document not just the physicality of the fort, but the intangible layers of memory, identity, and quiet resilience that resonate within its fabric, before they are reshaped by significant investment and a new public narrative.
Please check with Cultúrlann directly about daily opening times.

“Past tense: f r a g m e n t e d” tackles our personal loss of innocence as we transition through life and, inevitably, our inability to reclaim it. It also focuses on the loss of memory as one ages or, in some cases, develops dementia and often reverts to childlike tendencies – this time with a layer of decay as opposed to innocence. While these stages are universal experiences, they can be entirely isolating moments.

This exhibition gathers 53 artists from Palestine and its diaspora across time and borders to reimagine the missing works of Maroun Tomb, a Palestinian-Lebanese artist, whose 1947 exhibition in Haifa was lost amid the mass displacement and dispossession of the Palestinians during the Nakba. The works resurrect a moment that was nearly erased until it was discovered in archival documents.

Songs to the Siren.
The Model, Sligo | 24 January – 12 April 2026.
Curated by Hallahan & Welch.

Exhibition Opening: Sat. 24 January, 1 – 3pm.
1pm – Curators’ Tour.
2pm – Reception.

Songs to the Siren brings together works that dwell in ambiguity and emotion. Inspired by Brian O’Nolan’s veiled identity and Tim Buckley’s haunting song, the exhibition features artists including Joyce Pensato, William McKeown, Mark Leckey, Banksy, and Zanele Muholi. It invites visitors to linger with uncertainty, where feeling replaces resolution.

Exhibition continues from 05/01/2026 to 31/07/2026.

To mark the 100th anniversary year of the publication of James Joyce’s masterpiece “ULYSSES”, the Irish Cultural Centre is delighted to Present this Spectacular Visual Art Exhibition.

‘Painting Ulysses’ comprises 18 magnificent paintings, depicting each of the 18 Episodes in James Joyce’s novel.  As each of Joyce’s episodes in ULYSSES was written in a different literary style, Hickey has designed each painting in a different visual style.

Maryam Tafakory is a UK-based, Iranian artist filmmaker who makes textual and filmic collages. Her work interweaves poetry, archival, and found material to explore depictions of erasure, secrecy, and censorship. In her essayistic videos, images and scenes drawn from a vast archive of films are reworked to examine intimacy, desire, and prohibition. She works with film and performance and is the 2024 winner of the Film London Jarman Award.

Described by art critic John Yau as “one of the great painters of his generation”, Phillip Allen  has refused to settle into any one mode or style, choosing instead to continually push the possibilities of the picture plane resulting in paintings that are sculptural, optical and joyously excessive. Dense accretions of acrylic and oil paint form thick, encrusted borders that frame finely worked interior fields. Within these interiors, rhythmic geometries, spiralling motifs and kaleidoscopic colour sequences unfold with a sense of buoyant improvisation. 

VISUAL is pleased to present DRILL, newly commissioned exhibition of moving image and sound installation by Naomi Sex. Working with both professional and non-actors, Sex has written and directed a series of scripted performances. These vignettes consider language, social interaction, absurdity and the limits of understanding. DRILL comprises a series of monitors, speakers and projectors, which present each piece as distinct but interrelated episodes, linked to each other in an installation that places the viewer in the centre of the work.

VISUAL is pleased to present Interloper, the first project by Anne Hardy in Ireland. For this exhibition of existing and newly commissioned works, Hardy has responded to the distinct architecture of VISUAL; the concrete and glass of the Link Gallery and its connection to the ornamental pond seen through the large windows, and the blank canvas of the Studio Gallery’s white cube design and its heavily patinated floor. Interloper marks a continued evolution in Hardy’s practice.

“Now now” by Andy Fitz uses language to record a passing moment in time. An out-of-date present is rearranged in minute detail as though the process might reveal something. Time remains static – the food never grows mouldy. Unremarkable domestic objects are balanced across the gallery in precarious abstraction from their usual surroundings. “Now now” is also a phrase whose function and meaning is dependent on tone; it can be understood as a warning, or a consolation. The sculptures build on these unresolved tensions; the personal in the political, the present in light of the past.

DCU Art Collection is honoured to receive a significant donation of fine art prints from artist and master printer James McCreary, one of Ireland’s most respected figures in printmaking, and his wife Elizabeth McCreary.

To celebrate this generous donation DCU are hosting an exhibition of of selected works from the James and Elizabeth McCreary Collection on DCU St. Patrick’s Campus. Featuring works by Jane O’Malley, A.R. Penck, Niall Naessens, James McCreary, Tony O’Malley, Maria Simonds-Gooding, Michael Cullen and others, the exhibition offers a rich insight into contemporary printmaking and the spirit of personal collecting.

Exhibition continues from 30/01/2026 to 08/11/2026.

To celebrate our 75th anniversary, the Lyric presents this new exhibition that showcases our rich history. A history which includes an art gallery (The New Gallery, 1963–1969), a literary magazine Threshold (1957–1990), a dance centre, a drama school, Belfast’s first music academy, and of course, a theatre.

Click here to view the full programme

Exhibition continues from 30/01/2026 to 05/04/2026.

This is the last iteration of the exhibition, Clann Miotlantach / Mythlantics following its presentation at Sirius Arts Centre, Galway Arts Centre, and Highlanes Gallery.

Alice explores expressions of both personal and broader historical and cultural narratives informed by their lived experience as a person with Irish and Sierra Leonean heritage. They practice across sculpture, expanded painting, digital collage, film, and performance, and use clay, found and collected images and objects, reclaimed and repurposed furniture, and memorabilia and heirlooms.

Exhibition continues from 31/01/2026 to 14/03/2026.

This major retrospective celebrates over 40 years of work by acclaimed press photographer Declan Doherty, whose images have powerfully documented life across Donegal through his role at the Donegal News.

The exhibition includes more than 400 photographs, presented both digitally and in print, capturing moments from 1980 to 2023. Many feature the people and everyday events that define the county’s character and community.

Dublin’s own Gerard Byrne, renowned for his revival of the Impressionist and plein-air traditions in Ireland, has spent nearly four decades painting professionally. Elevating the ordinary into something extraordinary, his practice spans industrial structures and working ports, flowers in Spring light, bold figures, city streets, coastlines, and distant places—all observed with the same care. This exhibition brings together the full range of his work and marks the opening of Gerard Byrne Gallery’s new Trinity Street home following a standout year in New York.
Mon-Wed: 10-6
Thu-Sat: 10-7
Sun: 11-7

“Sunlight on my lover’s elbow, sunlight in the kettle’s steam” brings together three artists from the same family: Grace Wallis, Sarah Fuller/Wallis and Ruby Wallis. Working across painting, drawing, print, installation and lens-based media, the exhibition explores place, time and embodied experience. Grace presents fictional landscapes shaped by memory and emotional transition; Sarah documents suspended moments of waiting and movement through sketchbooks; Ruby’s films and prints examine walking, night-time space and how environments shape feeling and behaviour.

Opening: Saturday 7 February, 2-4pm
Talk and Q&A session ‘Collecting contemporary art’ at the opening, 2.30-3.30pm

‘The Collectors: Unified Diversity’ brings together four passionate collectors based in Northern Ireland – Neil Harvey, Ian Pitt, Tara Simpson and David Turner. This exhibition presents a curated selection of works from their collections, showcasing their unique voices and collecting journeys. Emerging artists from Northern Ireland – Ian Cumberland, Alana Barton, Jane Rainey among them, are shown alongside internationally renowned artists Banksy, Phil Frost, Barry McGee and other established names.

This exhibition by STAC’s 2025 Artist in Residence, Zoe Velthuysen, explores how migration and place shape identity, drawing from the artist’s own experience of moving from Australia to Tipperary.

Motivated by the internal and often quiet ways in which place interacts with identity, Velthuysen’s work engages with how surroundings, systems, and social dynamics leave their mark on a person over time, asking: what happens when the contours of a new place meet the inner workings of a migrant?

STAC’s Tipperary Artist in Residence Award is supported by the Tipperary Arts Office and the Arts Council of Ireland.

Exhibition continues from 07/02/2026 to 04/04/2026.

This exhibition is a celebration of Kilkenny-based Cartoon Saloon’s Academy Award®-nominated modern animated classics which comprise the Folklore Trilogy.
The exhibition presents a selection of pivotal scenes from all three films, demonstrating the unique visual style and exquisitely handcrafted animation which has garnered the studio international acclaim and multiple awards.

Mid-Term Family screenings of all three films will take place from Monday 16 February, and illustration and activity packs, developed by The Ark and suitable for ages 8 – 12 years are available to download for use at home or in the Classroom.

Exhibition continues from 05/02/2026 to 07/03/2026.

In Studio House Museum, O’Kane extends his long-standing exploration of creative spaces as living archives, sites that hold not only traces of artistic labour but also memory, influence, and mythology. His paintings reconstruct and reimagine these environments through a distinctive synthesis of Modernist aesthetics, architectural clarity, and painterly intuition. Each work functions as a speculative interior or exterior, a space where art history, personal experience, and imagination intersect.

Exhibition continues from 06/02/2026 to 29/03/2026.

This exhibition presents Interval IV, a monumental Jacquard tapestry woven from silk, wool, cotton, and Lurex. It combines photography and collage to create a richly layered scene that is both precise and dreamlike. A Victorian era portrait is disrupted by images of underground geological formations and fragments of contemporary ruins. 

These juxtapositions situate the scars of human ambition within the deep time of geology, a register that unsettles all notions of stability and endurance. Shown alongside the tapestry is a quieter abstract piece from Ní Bhriain’s Picture series (2022–2025) which imagines a future archive in which photographic images endure only as material traces.

A multidisciplinary group exhibition featuring new and existing work by Tara Carroll, Sian Costello, Phelim Hoey, Áine O’ Hara, Day Magee, and Rajinder Singh. Curated by Aoife Banks. Affective Forms is a multidisciplinary group exhibition that explores evolving representations of the human body in contemporary Irish art through painting, photography, sculpture, and film. In Affective Forms, the works foreground sensation, relation, and response, positioning the body as a site where personal experience and broader social forces converge.

This exhibition presents a selection of both historic and newly acquired abstract artworks from the permanent Waterford Art Collection. Alongside artworks can also be found archival information, newspaper cuttings, and descriptions from the artists themselves, as well as critique by a cross-section of individuals invited and interested in demystifying this still often divisive visual language.

Artworks on show by: Arthur Armstrong, Shelia Naughton, Colin Middleton, Aidan Dunne, Phoebe Donovan, Julie Cusack, Anne Yeats, Susan Connolly, Ciara Rodgers, Jonathan Wade, Susan Montgomery, Darragh Lyons, Evie Hone, John McHarg and more…

The winners of both awards will be announced at the opening of the exhibition on Thursday, 12 February 2026.

This exhibition presents a rare opportunity to experience – and for discerning collectors, to acquire – the finest work from Ireland’s most exciting new generation of painters.

2026 Shortlisted Artists: Maya Brezing · Mantas Poderys · Matthew Strickland · Liam Murray · Salvatore of Lucan · Owen de Forge · Manar Mervat Al Shouha · Eileen Leonard Sealy · Conor O’Connell · Daniel Coleman

Filial Love is an intimate exhibition that brings together sculpture, video and wall-mounted works to explore nature through the lens of familial bonds. The exhibition is anchored by a freestanding central installation: a full-length, human-scaled, floral resin cloak, positioned in dialogue with a granite boulder. These elements form a meditation on protection, labour and enduring care – personal, generational and ecological.

Inhale Exhale – Ecologies That Refuse to Behave is an ambitious solo exhibition by artist Fiona McDonald, unfolding as a quiet insurgency staged through peatlands, sensors, and slow code. Across the project, McDonald hijacks the tools of climate science – flux towers, CO₂ sensors, automated chambers – and reroutes them into something they were never designed for: ecological intimacy. Developed through years embedded with the National Parks and Wildlife Service NPWS, these instruments are treated not as neutral data-harvesting devices but as collaborators, shaped by shared data, trust, and sustained attention.

Key Learnings… presents nine artists whose practice incorporates commodity culture, taking in branding, mass-market imagery, retail style, the domestic, advertising and packaging.

Noel Hensey   /   Caroline McCarthy   /   Emily Mc Gardle / Aideen Barry   /   Asha Murray   /   Liliane Puthod   /   Amy McNamara   /   David Timmons   /   Richard Collier.

In this compelling body of new work, Walkways of the M50, O’Reilly turns his attention to the routes incorporated into the M50’s design to enable pedestrian access over or under its constant torrent of roaring traffic. O’Reilly’s paintings present the quiet and stillness of pedestrian spaces within noisy environments built to accommodate vehicles. The M50 is a city fringe. Overlooked edge-lands where urban and rural meet. Homogeneous yet local, landscapes of tension and banality, with a wide abundance of textural variety.

An exhibition exchange between Belfast and Boston that looks at how place affects how we see art and each other. The exhibition invites people to think about difference, understanding, and shared experience through prints, collage, animations, drawings, sculptures and videos. Curated by Sam Toabe and Sarah McAvera, it asks if artworks can change meaning when shown in different countries and cultures. The works by artists connected to the University of Massachusetts Boston explore themes such as identity, work, migration, time, and loss. The exhibition encourages open thinking, empathy, and conversation across borders.

Wexford Arts Centre is pleased to present Gvozdene Kapije (The Iron Gates), an exhibition of new sculpture and film work by Barbara Knežević. The exhibition will run in the lower and upper galleries from Saturday, 14th February, to Friday, 20th March, 2026.

Gvozdene Kapije / The Iron Gates brings together film and sculpture to explore the histories, stories, and materiality of a region in eastern Serbia known as Gvozdene Kapije — a deep gorge at Đerdap on the Danube River, forming the border between Serbia and Romania.

The exhibition was funded by the Arts Council with the support of Solstice Arts Centre and the National Sculpture Factory.

Exhibition continues from 10/02/2026 to 20/06/2026.

Portraits—The Failure of the State presents Brian Maguire’s portraits from three bodies of work that investigate the catastrophic impact of systemic violence without justice in Montana, United States; Bentiu, South Sudan; and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Maguire is an artist who looks outward, beyond the studio, engaging with the world and working in close dialogue with the families and communities of those erased, displaced, and forgotten by the failure of state institutions to serve and protect. 

Missoula Art Museum commissioned the portraits of Missing and Murdered Indigenous People of Montana for an exhibition titled Outrage and supported the project over five years.

Exhibition continues from 14/02/2026 to 21/03/2026.

Opening on Saturday 14 February at 2.00pm.

An exhibition of new and recent work by four artists – Barbara Diener, Sophie Gough, Sarah Long and Áine Ryan, who share an interest in identity and other intersecting concerns – memory, time and representation. All four are based in Munster and are members of Sample Studios.

Cork Printmakers presents Familiar, a solo exhibition by Ben Reilly at Cork Printmakers Studio Gallery which celebrates drawing through the mediums of etching and casting.
Opening Reception: 5pm Thursday 19 February 2026

In this exhibition, Reilly works with cuttlefish casting and etching; both processes utilising similar tools to inscribe a line into his chosen material (cuttlefish/metal sheet). The former is filled with molten alloy, the latter etched in acid and printed, with the action of making a line connecting both processes.